Nuclear Astrophysics and High Energy Particles
Identifieur interne : 002C19 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 002C18; suivant : 002C20Nuclear Astrophysics and High Energy Particles
Auteurs : Kenneth R. Lang [États-Unis]Source :
- Springer Study Edition [ 0172-6234 ]
Abstract
Abstract: At about the same time that Thomson (1897) discovered that all atoms emit electrons, photons with energy in the range 1–500 keV, called X-rays, were observed by Röntgen (1896). Photons with energy greater than 500 keV, called gamma (γ) rays, were subsequently observed by Villard (1900). Einstein (1905) then suggested that a photon particle of energy, hv, and zero mass is an electromagnetic wave of frequency, v, and vice versa. The nuclear theory of matter was then introduced by Rutherford (1911, 1914) who proposed that an atom, which has a radius of approximately 10-8 cm, actually consists of a swarm of electrons surrounding a positively charged nucleus whose radius is less than 10-12cm. The subsequent discovery of the proton by Rutherford and Chadwick (1921) further confirmed the speculation that the nucleus contains positively charged particles. The neutron was then discovered (Chadwick, 1932; Curie and Joliot, 1932), and Heisenberg (1932) proposed that the atomic nucleus contains the neutral neutrons as well as the protons. At about this time, studies of cosmic rays resulted in the discovery of the positron (Anderson, 1932), which differs from the electron only in that its charge is positive. Although similar antiparticles for the proton and neutron were expected on theoretical grounds, they were not observed until the advent of large accelerators (Chamberlain et al., 1955). The properties of these early fundamental particles are given in Table 37.
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-11188-8_4
Affiliations:
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